在线咨询或留言(即时在线交谈或留言)

什么是Kosher?什么是Kashrut?

KOSHER洁食的分类

KOSHER和非KOSHER食物的大致区分标准?

需要对餐饮场所进行Kosher洁食监管

特殊Kosher洁食要求(葡萄酒和葡萄产品熟食品、烘烤类食品、奶制品)

哪些人在使用KOSHER产品?

什么是KOSHER认证?

Kosher认证产品的市场?

为什么需要Kosher洁食?

KOSHER犹太洁食认证和HALAL伊斯兰清真认证的区别?(pdf文件下载)

(作者:张睿 Mr.Ray Cheung,email:raynelcheung@gmail.com

什么是Chabad-Lubavitch

来自以色列的食品

如何进行葡萄仔/葡萄皮提取物的Kosher认证?

犹太教综述

亚洲Kosher洁食成分(Asian Kosher ingredients)

1. Asian Flavourings

2. Vegetables and Vegetable Products

3. Dried Products

4. Fresh Noodles and Wrappers

版权所有(C)2006-2008 洁食中国 www.kosherchina.com

 

什么是KOSHER?什么是Kashrut?

    KOSHER的英文含义是清洁的、可食的,也就是洁食,而在希伯莱语中字面意思是“适合的”或“可以接受的”。当这一词在用于食品方面时,就是指该食品是符合犹太饮食法规的,可以为那些信奉KOSHER食品的人们所接受。因此,“KOSHER”一词在犹太传统中,大多意味食品符合犹太饮食法规。而KOSHER又可以理解为:K-Keep保持,O-Our我们,S-Souls灵魂,H-Healthy健康,E-Eat饮食,R-Right得当,即“为了保持我们灵魂健康,饮食要得当”。

    Kashrut就是所要符合的犹太教的饮食教规。

返回

KOSHER洁食的分类

肉类、奶制品和素馨食品 

     坚持食用洁食是犹太人日常生活中最根本的内容。对于犹太人的家庭来说,了解犹太教饮食教规的基本原则是必不可少的。 
     洁食分为三大类——肉食、奶制品、素馨食品。犹太教饮食教规的一项基本原则是将肉食与奶制品彻底分开。肉食和奶制品不能在一起烹调或同时食用。为了确保做到这一点,在洁食厨房里应为肉食和奶制品配备独立的器皿、用具和炊具,并且设置相互分离的操作区。而洁食的第三种类型——素馨食品则包括既不属于肉食、也不属于奶制品的其它食物,这些食物可以同时食用。
以下是对肉食、奶制品、素馨食品的详细介绍,以及按照洁食规范,对烹调和盛放各种类型食物的指导性原则。


肉食
     肉食类包括食用肉、家禽及其副产品,如骨头、肉汤或肉汁。所有采用食用肉、家禽,或者采用其成品加工出来的食物,被认为是‘肉类食品’,也称作fleishig(意第绪语)。所有食用肉、家禽、以及任何产品中的肉类部分(包括肝脏)只有符合以下要求才能被认为属于洁食:
* 肉食必须来自反刍的偶蹄目牲畜。母牛、绵羊和山羊属于洁食范围。
* 洁食禽类的鉴别采用代代相传下来的、被普遍接受的传统方法进行。所有食肉和食腐的鸟类都不允许食用。属于洁食范围的禽类包括驯养的鸡、康尼希母鸡、鸭、鹅和火鸡。
* 牲畜和家禽必须按照饮食教规的规定由经过严格训练的专业人士(被称为shochet)宰杀。
* 在烹饪前,必须对允许食用的牲畜和家禽肉进行适当的处理。所使用的器具必须是符合饮食教规的洁净器具。


奶制品
      所有由奶制成或含奶的食品都被认为是奶制品,或称作milchig(意第绪语)。奶制品包括奶、黄油、酸奶和各种干酪(硬干酪、软干酪和奶油干酪)。一种食物中即使只含有少量的奶成分,则这种食物也被视为是奶制品。所有的奶类产品都需要按照饮食教规进行认证,只有符合下列标准才能被认为是洁食产品。
* 奶制品必须来自于洁食动物。
* 所有辅料必须属于洁食范围,并且不含任何肉类的衍生物。非洁食奶制品通常采用源于动物的辅料,例如,粗制凝乳酶会被用来制作的硬干酪、酸奶中有时会含明胶,黄油中可能含有非洁食添加剂。
* 奶制品必须在洁食设备上进行加工。
      很多种所谓‘不含奶的’糖果、谷类食物和人造黄油中往往含有奶类衍生物,一些低热量的甜味剂也是如此。经常出现在多种产品标签上的奶制品辅料有酪蛋白酸、乳糖和乳清。
      含有奶制品辅料的面包产品往往是饮食教规上的难题。在购买和使用任何含奶的面包之前应先请教一下犹太教教士。


素馨食品
      素馨食品是指既不是肉类、也不是奶制品的食物。这意味着素馨食品不含肉类和奶制品衍生物,也不曾与任何肉类或奶制品食物混合或一起烹制。
      处于自然状态的未经加工的蛋类、鱼、水果、蔬菜和果汁是通常所说的素馨食品。此外还包括干面食、软饮料、咖啡、茶和多种类型的糖果和点心。只有具备可靠的洁食证书的产品,不论其经过何种方式的加工,才可以放心购买。
      从饮食教规的角度来说,素馨食品既不像肉类食品、也不象奶制品那样复杂。尽管如此,有几点还是必须牢记的:
* 如果在奶制品设备上对素馨食品进行了加工,或使用了添加剂,则素馨食品就失去了它的素馨属性。而这类加工往往在产品标签上是反映不出来的。巧克力、饼干和其它点心只有在被确认是素馨食品后,才能与肉食或者含肉的食品一起食用。
* 对某些水果、蔬菜和谷物必须进行检查,确认其中是否存在小昆虫和幼虫。
* 对蛋类也必须进行检查,确认其中是否存在血斑。


肉类与奶制品分离
      肉类和奶制品食物不能在一起烹制或同时食用,不能出售肉奶混合制品,或用这种制品喂宠物。
      为了确保将肉类与奶制品彻底分开,需要在洁食厨房里使用专用器具、餐具分别加工、盛放肉食品和奶制品。准备一些单独盛放素馨食品的专用器具也是有用的。
      进食肉食品和奶制品之间的时间间隔:按照饮食教规的要求,在进食肉食品和奶制品之间需要等待一段时间,并且对时间间隔是有规定的。
* 在吃过奶制品之后,吃肉食品之前,需要吃一些素馨食品,但不能粘到上腭上。然后必须漱口,或者喝一些饮料并洗手。通常吃奶制品和吃肉食品之间至少需要间隔半个小时。吃过某些硬干酪后,间隔时间应为6小时。
* 吃过肉食品后,则必须间隔整6小时,才能再吃奶制品。对于所有犹太人来说,6小时的间隔时间是应该遵守的标准时间,那些已经确立其它习俗的群体除外。对于吃特殊奶制品的人和九岁以下的儿童该如何执行,则需要犹太教教士的具体指导。如果不涉及其它特殊问题,建议尽早训练儿童的进食间隔习惯。
      如果在牙齿之间发现残留的小块肉渣,则需要将其剔除并漱口,不必再另外等待一段间隔时间(即使吃过肉食品后已过去了6个小时)。但如果咀嚼或吞咽了肉渣,即使量非常非常小,也必须再等满6个小时后才能再吃奶制品。
* 如果只是尝到了的食物的味道,但没有咀嚼或咽下便迅速将食物吐出,则不需要间隔时间,但应该好好漱口。
注意:在同一顿饭中不能既吃肉食品又吃奶制品,即使是盛放在不同的碗碟里或过了间隔时间也不行。
盛放素馨食品
      一般来说,在餐桌上,素馨食品既可以与肉食品一起盛放,也可以与奶制品一起盛放。有些厨房里配备了素馨食品专用的碗、锅和刀具。这些器具在清洗时通常要与盛肉和盛奶制品的碗碟分开,而且所使用的洗碗布、擦碟子干布和滴水板(使碗盆滴干)也应分开。
      然而,如果一种素馨食品与任何一种肉食品或奶制品一起烹制或混合,则这种素馨食品也就变成了肉食品或奶制品,在食用时就要按照肉食品或奶制品的饮食规定执行,也包括所规定的时间间隔。
      如果素馨食品只是在室温下接触到了肉食品或奶制品,且这种素馨食品不是刺激性食物或辛辣食物(如含有洋葱、柠檬、腌菜等成分,参见下面的刺激性和辛辣素馨食品一节),则只需要进行清洗就完全可以保持食品的素馨属性。如果无法清洗,则必须将接触面的表面一层削掉。
      在肉食品或奶制品烹饪用具中烧煮的素馨食品:如果是在干净的肉锅里烹饪的素馨食品,通常需要用专门盛肉食品的碟子盛放。再吃奶制品食物之前不需要间隔时间。同样,在干净的奶制品专用锅里烧煮的素馨食品只能用专门盛奶制品的碟子盛放,再吃肉类食品前不需要间隔时间。
 
      如果想把在干净的肉食品专用锅里加工的素馨食品放在吃奶制品的一顿饭上吃,或者反过来,想把在干净的奶制品专用锅里加工的素馨食品放在吃肉食品的一顿饭上吃,则需要请教一下犹太教教士,看看当时具体的环境是否允许这样做。
      有一点很重要,必须牢记在心,那就是加工素馨食品所用的锅或器具在过去的24小时里是否装过热的肉食,或者与盛肉的盘子一起用热水洗过。如果装过或洗过,那么所加工的素馨食品肯定不能与奶制品同时食用。反过来也是一样,如果加工素馨食品所用的锅或器具在过去的24小时里装过热的奶制品,或者与盛奶制品的盘子一起用热水洗过,那么所加工的素馨食品肯定不能与肉食同时食用。但不需要时间间隔。


刺激性和辛辣素馨食品

    在加工素馨食品时如果加入刺激性和辛辣食物,如洋葱、大蒜、柠檬和腌菜,会改变食品的素馨属性。如果用切肉的刀来切刺激性和辛辣食物,则切出来的刺激性和辛辣食物被认为是属于肉食的范围,不能与奶制品类的食物同时食用。反之亦然。
      如果用肉食专用的锅或器具来加工刺激性或辛辣素馨食品,即使锅或器具在过去的24小时里没有装过热的肉食品,也没有与盛肉食品的盘子一起用热水洗过,加工出来的素馨食品还是不能与奶制品一同食用。反过来也是一样,如果所用的锅是奶制品的专用锅,所加工出来的素馨食品也不能与肉食一同食用。至于食用这类食物的间隔时间,以及如何恰当地利用刺激性或辛辣的食物,应向犹太教教士请教。

返回

KOSHER和非KOSHER食物的区分标准大致如下:

    Kosher的主要标准是来自:Torah(律法, 圣经旧约之首五卷),Talmud(犹太教法典:古代拉比著作的合集,包括《密西拿》和《革马拉》,构成了犹太正教中宗教权威的基础)等。当然,不同派别的Kashrut标准也不一定完全相同。而占主体的仍然是正统派(Orthodox Judaism)。

返回

需要对餐饮场所进行Kosher洁食监管

      食物对我们的灵魂的影响无处不在。在外出访问、去饭馆吃饭、度假和旅行途中应做到只吃Kosher洁食食品,这和在家中保持Kosher洁食传统同样重要。因此,在实际生活中我们要十分注意,只能去光顾那些符合我们的Kosher洁食要求和标准的餐饮场所。我们的熟人和朋友可能会不完全理解我们不愿随便去一家餐馆就餐,但大多数人会尊重我们的习惯,会因我们坚持原则的精神而尊重我们。

 

餐馆、饭店和宾馆
      当使用多种不同的配料大批量加工食品时,需要很多人在厨房里一起工作,因而保持高Kosher洁食标准就会成为一项难度更大的任务。面对这种压力,同时也是出于商业上的考虑,Kosher洁食监管就成了势在必行的事情。这时就需要由Kosher洁食监督员(mashgiach)随时随地提供监管服务。

      Kosher洁食监督员必须对所有购入的食品就地进行检查,而且在食品加工制作过程中也必须在场进行监督。上餐馆就餐前,你应当了解清楚餐馆里是由谁负责Kosher洁食监管。值得信赖的Kosher洁食餐饮场所通常很愿意回答你所提出的问题,告诉你他们的餐馆和服务在洁食认证方面的情况。

      餐饮场所的经营者应该是一个定时做礼拜的人。因为定时做礼拜是判断一个人对律法和教规的忠实程度的标准。如果你去的是宾馆、或者是提供假日膳食的饭店,则必须在安息日或假日开始之前就进行预定并付费。

 

      提供肉食的餐馆:对提供肉食的餐馆需要进行合适有效的监管,就如同对食品制造商的监管一样,而监管必须由可靠的Kosher洁食监督员来执行。必须严格遵守所有有关肉类Kosher洁食产品的规定(如按照宗教仪式宰杀动物 [shechitah],以及切割、盐腌、去肠线),并将肉食与奶制品分离。

      此外,对餐馆的采购单也必须进行严格的审核监督,以防止非Kosher洁食产品及奶制品的流入。不仅如此,还需要对参与食品加工的人员进行认真地监督,因为他们可能对关于Kosher洁食肉食品的专门规定不是完全了解。大多数提供肉食的餐馆同时也提供鱼类食品,所以除了需要执行鱼类食品的Kosher洁食规定之外,还要避免将鱼类与肉类混在一起。因而可靠的Kosher洁食监督员是必不可少的。

 

      提供素食和奶制食品的餐馆:不能因为某家餐馆不提供肉食品,就简单地断定它是Kosher洁食餐馆。除了要有Kosher洁食监督员,和遵守安息日(Shabbat)圣日(Yom Tov)戒律外,以下任何一种原因都会导致提供素食或提供奶制品的餐馆出现问题:

* 所有的鱼类食品都必须是Kosher洁食食品;否则锅、盘子、洗碗机等器具会受到影响,成为非Kosher洁食器具,在这样的器具中加工出来的食品是不允许食用的。

* 所有的素馨食品和奶制品配料都必须符合Kosher洁食要求,从而确保器具和所有其它食品的Kosher洁食属性。所用的油或酥油(使面点酥松的油脂)必须是允许使用的、百分之百的植物油。

* 对某些蔬菜和谷物必须进行认真的清洗,并仔细检查其中是否藏有昆虫和爬虫。必须对蛋类进行检查,确定其中是否存在血斑。

* 完全由非犹太人加工的且不能生吃的食品,是禁止食用的,即使是在Kosher洁食器具中加工的也不许食用。这种食品被称为bishul akum。如果有犹太人参与了食品加工,比如给炉子点着了火,则加工出来的食品就不再是bishul akum,可以食用。

 

预先包装的Kosher洁食便餐
      航空公司:在大多数航班上,只要乘客提出请求,就可以得到一份预先包装好的Kosher洁食便餐,而且乘客不需要额外支付费用。预定Kosher洁食便餐时,你一定要确认所供应的Kosher洁食便餐具有可靠的洁食证书。食物送到你手里时,外包装必须是完好、未拆封的。外包装一经打开,就不能使用飞机上的炉具进行加热,也不能用非Kosher洁食器具对食物进行再处理。

     有经验的Kosher洁食旅行者发现,在登机前一天先打电话落实一下预定的Kosher洁食便餐是比较明智的做法。即使采取了这些措施,最好还是再随身携带一些点心和小食品,以防万一。

      医院:大多数医院都会提供、也愿意订购预先包装好的Kosher洁食便餐,就像飞机上提供的那种一样。需要重申一下,这些食物只能在原包装中加热,并且食物送到你手中时必须是未拆封的。护士们往往非常热心,会允许你在医院的冰箱里存放一些食品。一定要在所存放的食品上做好标记并妥善密封。

      有些医院里甚至还有Kosher洁食厨房。确保对Kosher洁食厨房的监管非常重要。通常Kosher洁食厨房里必须要有一名Kosher洁食监督员,并且随时准备回答你提出的问题。

返回

特殊Kosher洁食要求(葡萄酒和葡萄产品熟食品、烘烤类食品、奶制品)

 

葡萄酒和葡萄产品
    与其它食品和饮料相比,在更大程度上葡萄酒代表的是神圣和犹太人的分离。在犹太人的庆典上,葡萄酒被用来表现安息日(Shabbat)和圣日(Yom Tov)的神圣。在犹太圣庙(Beit Hamikdash)里,葡萄酒与祭品一起,被洒在神圣的祭坛上。

      然而,正是由于葡萄酒在过去和现在一直被用于多种形式的礼拜仪式上,使葡萄酒在犹太教规里享有独特的地位,同时也使葡萄酒的酿造和加工有了更多的限制和规定。这些限制和规定也适用于那些不用于正式仪式的葡萄酒。

      洁食葡萄酒的生产和加工必须由犹太人、也只能由犹太人来进行。在生产过程中,葡萄酒、葡萄汁和所有含葡萄酒或葡萄汁的产品也只能由犹太人操作;装葡萄酒、葡萄汁的瓶子开封之后,也必须由犹太人控制。如果装葡萄酒、葡萄汁或其它任何饮料的瓶子开封之后被非犹太人碰过,那么犹太人就不允许再喝瓶中的东西。

      煮过的葡萄酒(Yayin Mevushal):装瓶前煮过的洁食葡萄酒(或葡萄汁)被称作‘yayin mevushal’。在犹太圣庙举行祭祀时,不适宜把煮过的葡萄酒拿上祭坛。

      煮过的葡萄酒被认为是‘不适合用于圣事、圣礼中的酒’,因而可以不受‘不允许非犹太人触摸’的禁令。包括这种酒在内的所有洁食葡萄酒,都必须具有值得信赖的洁食证书,而煮过的葡萄酒应标明‘yayin mevushal’。

      处于可信的监管下的多种国产和进口的洁食葡萄酒都含有甘甜的康科德紫葡萄(Concords),传统上,康科德紫葡萄一直与洁食葡萄酒有着密切的关系。这些酒当中有很多是yayin mevushal,标签上也予以了标明。不论是参加祁福式(节日和安息日前夕的祝福仪式)、就餐、或是参加庆典,你一定会找到一种适合你的口味的上好的洁食葡萄酒。

      经过加工的食品中的葡萄成分:在犹太饮食教规中,所有用鲜葡萄或葡萄干制成的液体,例如葡萄汁和葡萄酒醋,不论是否含酒精,都与葡萄酒归为一类食品。因此,含有葡萄调味剂或添加剂的食品,都必须具有可靠的洁食证书,例如果酱、汽水、雪糕、糖果、果汁混合饮料和柠檬水等食品和饮品。

      含酒精的饮料,如法国白兰地酒(cognac)和白兰地酒,都含有葡萄酒基。利口酒和威士忌酒经常与葡萄酒混合在一起饮用。所有这些饮料都需要洁食监管。

      酒石是用葡萄酒沉淀物制成的,需要犹太教教士的监督。

 

烘烤类食品
      所有烘烤类食品必须具有可靠的洁食证书。犹太社区里的一些面包店持有当地犹太教教士或者所在城市的洁食委员会颁发的洁食证书。

      此外,由持有可靠洁食证书的犹太面包店制作的面包、蛋糕或其它烘烤类食品往往可以确保这些食品的洁食资格,也可以确保这些食品属于以色列面包(pas Yisrael)。只要有可能,最好是选用pas Yisrael食品。这种食品有一种寓意,那就是它们是由犹太人烤制或者协助烤制的,即使他只是简单地启动了烤箱,也看作他协助烤制了食品。

      完全由非犹太人烤制的、不用于出售的面包和蛋糕被称为pas akum,不应食用。

      在某些情况下,由非犹太面包店(而不是由个人)采用洁食配料制作的烘烤食品是可以食用的。这种面包被称为pas -palter。可以食用pas palter的前提条件是:一、面包店处于可靠的犹太教教士的监管下,可以保证所使用的配料、器具和接触食品的一切东西都是符合洁食规定的;二、无法获得以色列面包(pas Yisrael)。超市里出售的许多带包装的烘烤食品,即使被认证为洁食产品,但实际上是pas palter。

      由于宗教上的原因,许多犹太人即使在允许的情况下也不食用pas palter。所有人都应避免在犹太新年(Rosh Hashanah)至赎罪日(Yom Kippur)期间的日子里食用pas palter。带包装的烘烤食品上的洁食证书并不能表示该食品是pas Yisrael食品,除非专门标明是pas Yisrael食品。

注意:用于出售的面包往往含奶或者与奶有关的成分;仔细查看产品标签,确认标签上标明了该产品为素馨食品。如果面包中含奶,即使知道它是洁食产品,仍然会有许多问题需要向犹太教教士进行咨询才能搞清楚。

 

熟食品
      某些完全由非犹太人加工的食品(称为bishul akum),即便是在洁食器具中加工出来的洁食产品,也不应食用。

      一般来说,这类食品包括:一、不能生吃的食物,如肉和谷物。(不包括既可以生吃也可以熟吃的食物,如苹果和胡萝卜);二、被认为是很重要的食物,比喻为‘能上国王餐桌的食物’。至于什么样的食物才算得上‘高贵的食物’,则存在多种多样的看法。

      食物的制作方法(煮、蒸、腌等)也会影响食物的属性。

      如果由犹太人监督或协助制作了这些食物,比如他为烤炉点着了炉火或者是搅拌了食物,那么所制作的食物就被认为是bishul Yisrael,允许食用。

      这些饮食教规会影响到许多以销售为目的的食品。有些监管机构在其颁发的认证书上写明bishul Yisrael。要想再进一步搞清楚这方面的问题,还需要向犹太教教士请教。在雇佣女管家和厨师时,一定不能忘记这些规定。

 

奶制品
      按照犹太饮食教规的要求,在奶制品的生产过程中,从挤奶开始一直到生产过程结束,必须要有洁食监督员(mashgiach)或犹太检查员在场,确保所使用的奶取自洁食动物。当无法获得受到这样监管的奶源时,一些犹太教管理机构允许由政府出面进行相应的检查,以此作为用奶安全的保障(尽管并不是所有国家都这样做)。无论怎样,所有人都认为,实施确实有效的监管是有百利而无一害的。受到这样监管的奶,被称为chalav Yisrael。

      在犹太教的传统中,非常强调食用chalav Yisrael产品的重要性,并指出食用非chalav Yisrael产品会对人的精神产生有害的影响。即使是在非常难以获得chalav Yisrael产品的情况下,许多犹太人,由于他们知道chalav Yisrael对自己的精神敏锐性的益处,也要不辞辛苦、千方百计地去寻找chalav Yisrael产品。当然,在容易获得chalav Yisrael产品的地方,犹太饮食教规要求人们只食用chalav Yisrael产品。

返回

哪些人在使用KOSHER产品?

    在人们日益注重健康的今天,“Kosher”的含义已远远超出宗教范畴,“Kosher”产品的使用者也不仅仅限于分布在美国、加拿大、中南美洲、澳大利亚、东西欧洲和以色列严守饮食法规的犹太人。据统计,美国约有七百万人食用KOSHER食品,其中犹太教信徒仅占25%,而其余75%则为非犹太教消费者,其中有穆斯林、基督徒、素食主义者、美食者和饮食过敏者,但更多的是那些注重生活品质、寻求高质量食品的消费者。由于“Kosher”产品中不含乳化剂,脱模剂和防腐剂等动物性添加剂,在“疯牛病”、“禽流感”肆虐的今天,“Kosher”产品更为广大的消费者所认同。

返回

 

什么是KOSHER认证?

人们认为,按“Kosher”要求生产的食品,可以有助于人们的精神完善,这些食品可以冠以“Kosher”的称谓。而含没有被批准成分的食品,则为“非Kosher”的。符合Kosher的饮食习惯,是犹太人的重要标志,因而,日常饮食中的Kosher标准通常被认为是最重要的,如果日常饮食中含有任何没有被批准的成分,都将被视作“非Kosher”的。

有许多管理Kosher食品的规则,KOSHER犹太洁食法律在圣经中有其出处,并在Talmud犹太法典和其它犹太传统的法典中有详细介绍。而对于食品是否符合Kosher标准的现场认证工作,只能由Rabbi(拉比,犹太教士)主持进行。

简单来说,按照犹太饮食教规对食品、辅料和添加剂进行认证,此种认证又称为KOSHER认证。

返回

Kosher认证产品的市场?

    在过去的35年间,Kosher产品认证的需求激增。《美国新闻及世界报导》杂志称,1994年,Kosher行业的规模为350亿美元,时至今日,这一数字已逾1500亿美元。《综合市场通讯》的年度报告显示,每年将有近2500种新产品进入Kosher市场,也就是说Kosher市场正以每年15%的速度飞速发展。Kosher洁食认证已成为食品出口商进入欧美及东南亚市场,争取更多市场份额的有利手段。

    如今,在美国超市中大约45%的产品有KOSHER证书,越来越多的消费者将商品上是否有KOSHER标志作为购买的标准之一。而为使消费者客户能在超市中买到需要的每件商品,因此超市在选择相同产品时,更倾向于选择KOSHER产品。因此,许多欧美公司来中国采购产品时,KOSHER认证的产品也顺其自然的成为首选。

返回

为什么需要Kosher洁食?

     Kosher洁食涉及到一个民族的历史,和全球范围内无数的犹太家庭。Kosher洁食的戒律将食物转变成了一种表达心灵神圣的媒介,将厨房变成了家庭的精神中心。 

     Kosher洁食教规详细划分了允许食用和禁止食用的牲畜、鱼类和家禽,并规定了奶制品和肉类分离的原则。在犹太人所奉行的习俗中,有相当大的一部分与食物有关,包括按照饮食教规的规定在饭前饭后进行祷告,节日庆祝和关于以色列食物的农业规定等等诸多方面。Kosher洁食是一种内涵丰富的生活方式,不论你是在家里、在工作、还是上餐馆就餐。通过遵守Kosher洁食规定,凡是与食物有关的活动都会成为净化精神的机会。

      在并不久远的时候,几乎所有犹太人都自觉地遵守着饮食教规,从不问为什么要保持Kosher洁食这样的问题。犹太人就应该这么做。只有那些故意违背父辈们的生活方式的人才会去食用非Kosher洁食食物。但如今的情况却发生了很大的变化,那些无意违背父辈生活方式的人,甚至那些以自己是犹太人而自豪的人,也会去食用各种各样的非Kosher洁食食物。保持Kosher洁食传统是需要思想上和行动上的努力的。

      我们的思想是发生了变化,我们不清楚为什么在犹太人聚集的地方对饮食如此在意,而且不只是对于人类,对于动物也是如此。我们不禁要问,难道上帝真的在意我们吃些什么吗?由于得不到对保持Kosher洁食的满意的解释,而只能仅仅依靠对先辈们奉行的圣经旧约的律法的信仰,许多犹太人断定,保持Kosher洁食已经是陈旧的观念了,他们认为那只是古时候的人们为了维护健康所采取的措施,已不再适应现代生活了。

      那么就让我们试着来领会犹太民族的传统Kosher洁食戒律吧。面对现代文化完全相反的价值观念,这些尝试可以满足我们了解Kosher洁食戒律的需要,并激励我们保持圣经旧约所规定的戒律。尽管如此,我们更应当了解,这些戒律原本就是神的旨意,是人类的智力水平所永远无法完全理解的。我们保持这样的戒律,因为这是上帝送给犹太民族的礼物。

      正如我们每一个人所知道的那样,‘宗教’与祈祷、沉思、布施、伦理观和各种形式的自我牺牲有着密不可分的关系。然而犹太教却涉及到生活的每一个方面。当我们按照圣经旧约的警句,‘用你的一切方法去了解上帝’(《圣经•旧约》 箴言篇,3:6),我们最普通的日常活动就充满了神圣。

      Kosher洁食代表的是肉体与灵魂的结合。圣经旧约的戒律告诉我们不要拒绝肉体,而要崇敬肉体。我们为食用洁净的食物和饭前饭后的祷告而感到神圣。对于犹太人的灵魂,Kosher洁食就是精神上的营养,是犹太人民升华和净化精神的方式。

      这意味着什么呢?有一点是犹太教所广为传扬的,那就是吃什么我们就会受什么影响,现代营养学对此是认同的。我们知道,我们所吃的食物最终被我们的身体和血液所吸收。按照圣经旧约戒律的阐释,禁止食用的食物都是神的灵魂所憎恶的东西,是会损害我们的精神敏锐性的东西。如果吃了食肉鸟和食肉动物,会使人好斗,因而它们属于禁止食用的食物。对于犹太人,所有非Kosher洁食食物都会降低他的精神敏锐性和理解教规和戒律的能力,这对他的意志和心灵都会产生不好的影响。

      这就很清楚为什么Kosher洁食经常被看作是所有戒律中影响最为深远而广泛的内容了。历史证明,Kosher洁食戒律遵守得好的时候,也是犹太民族强大的时候。

      为了说明Kosher洁食的力量,我们必须借助于犹太教哈西德派的教义。该教派对圣经的章节作了文字解释,其中讲到‘人不单是靠面包活着,还需要靠上帝的教导’(圣经•旧约 申命记 8:3)。并解释说,并不是食物本身赋予了我们生命,更重要的是虔诚的信仰——那就是上帝的教导,而这是包含在食物当中的。所有的事物都包含‘虔诚的信仰’的一面,这才是生命的本源、是整个世界存在的原因。我们吃东西的时候,我们的消化系统吸收的是食物的营养,而我们的灵魂则吸取了存在于宇宙万物中的虔诚的信仰。
 
      食物当中包含的神的力量才是支撑和滋养我们身体的真正源泉。Kosher洁食食品具有强大的力量,给犹太人的灵魂以精神、智力和情感上的活力,而非Kosher洁食食品却恰恰相反。对于我们的灵魂,Kosher洁食才是真正健康的食物,犹太人生存所必须的精神营养就包含在其中。

返回

About Chabad-Lubavitch

The Philosophy

Chabad-Lubavitch is a philosophy, a movement, and an organization. It is considered to be the most dynamic force in Jewish life today.

Lubavitch appropriately means the "city of brotherly love"The word "Chabad" is a Hebrew acronym for the three intellectual faculties of: chachmah-wisdom, binah-comprehension and da'at-knowledge. The movement's system of Jewish religious philosophy, the deepest dimension of G-d's Torah, teaches understanding and recognition of the Creator, the role and purpose of Creation, and the importance and unique mission of each Creature. This philosophy guides a person to refine and govern his and her every act and feeling through wisdom, comprehension and knowledge.

The word "Lubavitch" is the name of the town in White Russia where the movement was based for more than a century. Appropriately, the word Lubavitch in Russian means the "city of brotherly love." The name Lubavitch conveys the essence of the responsibility and love engendered by the Chabad philosophy toward every single Jew.

The Movement

Following its inception 250 years ago, the Chabad-Lubavitch movement -- a branch of Hasidism -- swept through Russia and spread in surrounding countries as well. It provided scholars with answers that eluded them and simple farmers with a love that had been denied of them. Eventually the philosophy of Chabad-Lubavitch and its adherents reached almost every corner of the world and affected almost every facet of Jewish life.

Leadership:

No person or detail was too small or insignificant for their love and dedicationThe movement is guided by the teachings of its seven leaders ("Rebbes"), beginning with Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi, of righteous memory (1745-1812). These leaders expounded upon the most refined and delicate aspects of Jewish mysticism, creating a corpus of study thousands of books strong. They personified the age-old, Biblical qualities of piety and leadership. And they concerned themselves not only with Chabad-Lubavitch, but with the totality of Jewish life, spiritual and physical. No person or detail was too small or insignificant for their love and dedication.

In our generation, the Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson of righteous memory (1902-1994), known simply as "the Rebbe," guided post-holocaust Jewry to safety from the ravages of that devastation.

The Organization

The origins of today's Chabad-Lubavitch organization can be traced to the early 1940's when the sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn of righteous memory (1880-1950), appointed his son-in-law and later successor, Rabbi Menachem Mendel, to head the newly-founded educational and social service arms of the movement.

Today 4,000 full-time emissary families direct more than 3,300 institutions Motivated by his profound love for every Jew and spurred by his boundless optimism and self-sacrifice, the Rebbe set into motion a dazzling array of programs, services and institutions to serve every Jew.

Today 4,000 full-time emissary families apply 250 year-old principles and philosophy to direct more than 3,300 institutions (and a workforce that numbers in the tens of thousands) dedicated to the welfare of the Jewish people worldwide.

返回

来自以色列的食品

      即使是出口到其它国家的产品,也适用圣经旧约关于以色列土地上农业活动的戒律。新近发表的一些文章中报道说,以色列每年出口价值超过70亿美圆的农产品,所有这些产品都遵从圣经旧约的农业戒律。
 
     
所有来自以色列的食品,不论是新鲜食品还是包装食品,都要求有可靠的洁食证书。以色列的食品在美国的超市里是司空见惯的,其中最著名的是迦法柑桔(Jaffa oranges),人们也可以找到以色列的番茄和其它产品。来自以色列的包装食品和经过加工的食品,如饼干、汤菜和糖果,也是到处都可以找到。所有这些食品都必须符合以下的农业教规。

      T’rumah and Ma’aser: 意思是作为礼物献给在圣庙里奉职的人的庄稼。犹太人定居在以色列土地上的时候,在十二个部落中,有十一个部落都分得了土地作为可以传承的财产。而第十二个部落,由Levi’imKohanim组成的Levi部落没有分得土地。他们把自己献身给了圣庙,为居住在那里的上帝充当仆人,而不去耕种土地。其他十一个部落,他们被统称为以色列人,必须将自己最新收获的谷物、酿造的葡萄酒、榨出的油和第一次剪下的羊毛奉献给Levi部落。(圣经旧约 申命记 28:4

      通过把自己土地上的收获物中的一部分献给KohanimLevi’im (他们被认为是上帝和律法的代表),使犹太人树立起了真切的观念,那就是物质财富必须要服务于精神生活。

     另外,要将一定比例的收获物分配给穷困的人(ma’aser oni),而且有一部分收获物只能在耶路撒冷吃(ma’aser sheni)。

      即使在今天,以色列土地上所产的水果、蔬菜和谷物也要遵从t’rumah and ma’aser教规。尽管应该献给KohanimLevi’im的这部分收获物如今已无人消费,但只有将这部分收获物分出来,其余的收获物才能吃。在执行这些教规的实际过程中,可以向犹太教教士进行咨询。

     Shmittah: 意思是土地休耕的一年。以色列的土地,每七年要休耕一年,就好比犹太人的安息日一样,第七年是土地的安息年。六年你要耕种田地,收藏土产,只是第七年要叫地歇息,不耕不种,使你民中的穷人有吃的 …… ”(《出埃及记》,23:10-11

      以色列的农民以遵守土地休耕(shmittah)教规的方式表达对上帝的忠实,这样上帝会在第六年时保佑他们,使他们当年就能获得比第七年应有的收成还要多的额外收获。第七年里,不应种植任何农作物,穷人可以去收集地里遗留的庄稼。教规禁止食用由以色列人在土地休耕年里种植的作物。

       Orlah: 意思是幼树的果实。幼树最初三年里长出的果实被称为orlah,不允许食用。有时第四年的果实也不许食用。因此,来自以色列的水果必须具有洁食证书。但对于生长在以色列境外的水果,只有明确知道它是orlah时,才禁止食用。

返回

如何进行葡萄仔/葡萄皮提取物的Kosher认证?

首先请先了解葡萄产品的Kosher要求,可见要获得葡萄仔和葡萄皮提取物的Kosher证书,必须对植物提取物工厂进行葡萄仔/葡萄皮提取物生产的全程认证以及对葡萄仔/葡萄皮原料供应商(一般都是来自葡萄酒厂和葡萄汁厂)进行新鲜葡萄榨取生产的全程认证。

因此,从经济角度和可操作性出发,提取物工厂需要有全年的Kosher葡萄仔/葡萄皮提取物生产计划,尽可能集中在一个时段生产。同时,有一个数量的要求,不仅是成品数量,也是对原料(葡萄仔/葡萄皮)供应商的要求。良好的协商,获得原料供应商的认可进行同样集中时段的新鲜葡萄的榨取,以获得葡萄仔/葡萄皮。

一般的做法,是先邀请Rabbi拉比(kosher审核员)对葡萄酒/葡萄汁工厂进行访问,以进行报价和顾问工作。当全部的kosher认证价格可以接受后,植物提取物工厂再进行操作会事半功倍。

当然,希望按照保守的做法,可以先递交详细的葡萄酒/葡萄汁工厂生产葡萄仔/葡萄皮的工艺流程,和提取物的生产流程,包括整年的生产数量,需要集中生产的时间段,以便取得初步的报价也是可取的。

返回

犹太教综述

    犹太教是世界三大一神信仰中,最早而且最古老的宗教,也是犹太民族的生活方式及信仰。犹太教的主要诫命与教义,来自托辣,即圣经的前五卷书。

    犹太教最重要的教义,在于只有一位神,即无形并且永恒的上帝。他愿所有的人,行公义,好怜悯,因为上帝按照他的形象造人,所以人都应该有尊严且受到尊敬地对待。

    犹太人以学习及祈祷来侍奉上帝,同时遵行摩西五经上所指引的诫命。对于圣约的坚信,犹太人认为这就是上帝对他们的呼召,也是他们对世人的见证、他们的使命。但犹太教并不主张其他民族为了被救赎而必须接受她的宗教信仰和敬拜方式;这世界会因为它所行的而受审判,而不是因它所信的教条而受审判;所有公义的民族皆分享将要到来的和平世界。因此,犹太教并不是一个积极传教的宗教。犹太教堂所接受的改信者,必须遵照犹太教当局的规定,因为一个人改信犹太教并不只是简单的自我认定的事情。

    重要的犹太教经典就是圣经,由托辣(Torah)、先知书(Prophets)和圣著(Writings)三部分构成。 

    西元70年,耶路撒冷的圣殿被罗马帝国烧毁,犹太人被赶出犹大地,当时在以色列土地的犹太教学者开始编辑6卷名为米市纳(Mishnah,重述)的经典,保存了犹太教的典章、戒命和习俗等一序列的经书。随后在五世纪中革玛辣(Gemara解释)做了一些补充,收录了在以色列地和巴比伦时期的注释与讨论,以及犹太教师之间的辩论,这二部分内容构成了塔耳慕得(Talumd,犹太口传经文),它确立了犹太人在学习信仰、思想、典章生活规范上的遵行准则。

    在中世纪,欧洲各国的犹太人被视为劣等民族,在宗教上受迫害、政治上没有任何政治权利和自由、在经济上受到种种限制。与他们的身体局限于“隔都”的高墙之内相适应,他们的精神和灵魂也只有沉醉传统的《塔耳慕得》学问的框架中。那时,犹太人居住的隔都犹如“国中之国”,而犹太人则成了所在国人民心目中的“外国人”。然而,随着1789年法国大革命的胜利,犹太人的状况却发生了根本的变化。欧洲各国的犹太人先后获得了公民权,享有了和其他民族一样的平等地位,这使他们拥有了做人的自由和尊严。多少个世纪以来梦寐以求的愿望终于在此时得到了实现,这是令他们最振奋、最扬眉吐气的时刻。这就是犹太史上所称的解放。解放把犹太人一下子置入一个前所未有的新的背景之下。使犹太人开始了一个崭新的时代。正是在这个意义上,著名的犹太学者族恩茨才说,犹太人中世纪的结束是以法国大革命为标志的。 

    18、19世纪的欧洲是一个理性主宰的时代,包括宗教在内的一切意识形态都要依据理性法庭的审判决定何去何从。犹太教当然也免不了这样的命运。同时,解放以后的犹太人首当其冲面临的是如何调整自己,使自己适应宗主国的社会、文化环境的问题。在这样的背景下,一场相对于欧洲来说是迟到了的犹太启蒙运动(哈斯卡拉)终于发生了。德国的摩西·门德尔松担当了启蒙的先驱。门德尔松开辟的启蒙运动所追求的目标有两个,一是“冲破隔都的禁锢,把犹太人改造成真正的欧洲人;另一方面,他又希望犹太人继续保持自己的民族特性”。然而这是一个不易兼得的两难。正是适应启蒙运动的目标的需要,德国犹太教内部率先实行了宗教改革。 

    改革的直接后果是犹太教的分裂。原来统一的传统犹太教逐渐分化出改革派、保守派,以及正统派;在20世纪的美国还从保守派中分化出了重建派。这些不同的宗教派别把犹太人划分成不同的阵营,从而导致了犹太人的分裂。这种局面一直持续到现在。 

    多数犹太人的宗教活动,主要在家中进行。它包括每天三次的祈祷,早晨、下午及日落之后。会众的祷告通常在犹太会堂举行。会堂是犹太人祷告与学习的地方,在星期一、星期四、安息日及节日和至圣日(HighHolyDays)会堂的敬拜,包括读希伯来文的托辣,与先知书。会堂的敬拜,可由会众当中博学的成员来主持,在大多数的会堂中,是由管会堂的司会(Cantor)或者教师(Rabbi)主持,他们是专职的信仰教导者,都接受过犹太教神学院(Yeshiva)的训练。教师的专业职责,是指导会众每周及每日的学习单元,教师也提供会众咨询,与规定,有关如何在日常生活中,应用犹太教的戒命及传统。这些包括人与人间的分争,但是有关比较严肃的事,如脱离犹太教,则必须交付当地宗教法庭来处理。 

    传统的犹太人遵行饮食诫命,这些诫命记载于肋未纪,这些诫命包含奶与肉不可以同食,人道的宰杀动物,并严禁吃血、吃猪肉、无鳞的鱼类及其他被禁止的食物。虽然这些饮食诫命在卫生上有益,但是最主要的动机是在个人生活上期待能自我控制、节制及道德的训练。一个人即使在最恶劣的环境下,都希望能遵行这些托辣的诫命。对于饮食诫命,如同其他的犹太法律及风俗,在当今犹太教的三大派系(正统牌、保守派及改革派)中,遵守程度与方法仍存在着些许的差异。 

正统派

    正统派的最大特点是坚持“天不变道亦不变”的原则,拒绝犹太教的变革。

    他们认为,上帝是永恒的,《托辣》是西乃神启,因此,其中的法律一条也不能改变,否则就是异端。他们还相信将来弥赛亚的降临会恢复犹太国家,重建圣殿并恢复献祭礼拜。大致上说,正统派又可分出极端正统派、新正统派和哈西德派。 

    (1)极端正统派的还停留在中世纪,只坚持传统犹太教的信仰,严格遵守教规和习俗,反对现科学文化和任何现代事物,不承认以色列国(有的尽管居住在那里),不与其他间派合作。

    (2)新正统派或现代正统派承认《圣经》和《塔耳慕得》的权威,遵守犹太教的圣日、节日、习俗以及传统道德,但具有一定的灵活性。在会堂内做礼拜时,使用希伯来文祈祷,不用风琴伴奏,实行男女分坐。他们相信并参与科学文化活动,谋求和其他就派的和平共处和合作,支持以色列国并参加犹太复国主义组织。 

    (3)哈西德派(虔敬派)是18世纪中叶诞生在东欧的神秘主义派别。他们贬低理性和知识,强调人的情感,目的是通过虔诚的祈祷达到和上帝的灵交。其祈祷形式直接指向上帝,形式简单,随时随地,无需会堂。他们还提倡在祈求时伴以歌舞和其它能够激发人的感情的动作。 

    现在,正统派在美国是少数派,约占600万犹太人口的6%,但在许多欧洲国家例如法国和英国仍然有相当大的影响力。  

改革派 

    改革派犹太教的主导思想是带有明显理性主义因素的发展观,即认为犹太教和所有的意识形态一样,必须随着时代的变化而变化,应该在发展过程中摈弃那些过时的、不合理性的成分,以适应现代生活的需要。

    改革派把犹太教定义为完全和科学、理性和谐共存的伦理一神教,奉行在全世界范围内实现和平、公正和各民族和谐统一的大同主义。他们在改革中废弃了不少中世纪习俗。

    例如,在会堂做礼拜时男女混坐,不用希伯来语而用所在国语言读经布道(现在多为希伯来语和当地语言并用),使用合唱队并引入管风琴伴奏。同时,实行男女平等原则,妇女有做经师(Rabbi)的权利(自1972年开始任命女性经师)。

    1960年以前的古典改革派把大同主义和复国主义对立起来,强烈反对犹太复国主义。后古典的改革派改变了立场,成为支持复国主义和以色列国的建设的重要力量。第二次世界大战以前,改革派的中心在德国,战后则转移到了北美。

    现在,改革派在北美犹太人中约占42%,是成长最快,力量最壮大的犹太教派。

保守派

    保守派犹太教是介于正统派和改革派之间的温和派。它的前身是德国的犹太教历史学派。

    19世纪宗教改革期间,一些德国犹太人认为正统派过分强调了的传统,忽视了现实生活的需要;而改革派又过分注重现实,没有给予传统以应有的地位;因而各自走向了极端。于是他们采取调和折中的态度,主张在过去和现在之间建立起活生生的联系。 

    历史学派认为,犹太教的成文《托辣》源于西乃神启,而口传的《托辣》则是犹太人对前一种神启的扩展和延伸,是人类理性和经验的结晶。成文法是超时间的,神圣不变的,而口传法则处于时间的流变之中,可以根据时代的需要做修正和变更。但是,变更的权利不在于个别的经师,而是学者的一致同意和犹太社区全体成员的普遍接受。对于犹太复国主义,他们持赞成、支持态度。这个学派在20世纪之交在美国发展成为保守派犹太教,而且曾经一度成为最大的教派。

    现在,保守派在美国占犹太人总数的40%。就保守派坚持犹太教法律和仪礼的重要性而言,它接近于正统派,而就其赞同法律的可变性、灵活性而言,它又很难和改革派划清界线。保守派会堂的用语为希伯来语,礼拜时实行男女分坐,妇女逐渐取得了和男子平等的地位,1985年开始任命女性经师。

 

重建派

    重建派是从美国保守派中分化出来的年轻犹太教派。 

    这个教派的创始人摩迪凯·开普兰认为,超自然主义的正统派、改革派和保守派都不能适应现代性和当代犹太生活的需要,因此必须对之重建,将其改造成为自然主义的、民主型的宗教。他心目中的犹太教是一种进化的文明,上帝、《托辣》和犹太人是构成它的三大平等的要素。然而,上帝不是超自然的人格神,而是内在于宇宙万物中的“导致拯救的力”,《托辣》是犹太人经验的记录,其中的律令乃是犹太人的风俗习惯。而“拯救”不是来世的永生,而是现世的道德满足。 

    重建派在仪礼上接近保守派,而在理论观点上甚至比改革派还要激进。这个派别主张自由地解释传统,以会堂为犹太生活的中心,主张宗教生活的民主化,鼓励和支持以色列国的建设。 

    重建派是犹太教中最小的派别,约占北美犹太人的2%,它对犹太人影响主要在意识形态方面。

http://www.qzdhcity.com/luntan/ren/7-7.htm

返回

 

亚洲Kosher洁食成分(Asian Kosher ingredients)

by: http://asiarecipe.com/kosher.html#Asi#Asi

返回

Asian Flavourings

Asian flavourings are created from a variety of sauces and seasonings, which are listed below.

Chicken Broth
Kosher chickens make excellent broth. Many stir fry recipes in these pages require a few tablespoons of chicken broth. Since home-made chicken broth is superior to any of the canned kosher varieties, make your own and freeze it in ice cube trays. Keep the broth cubes in a plastic bag in the freezer and use them as needed.

Cinnamon Stick
The Asians use the cinnamon flavoured brown bark of the cassia tree. It is found in Asian groceries and is thinner than the cinnamon stick usually found in supermarkets, but either one may be used.(kosher without supervision only if it is in the pure stick or powder form)

Coriander
This fresh herb from the parsley family is also called Chinese parsley or cilantro. It has a distinctive, almost medicinal flavour and is used in fillings and as a garnish for soups and fish dishes. Do not substitute ground coriander.(kosher without supervision only if it is in the fresh or pure form)

Cornstarch
This fine, powdery starch made from corn is the most common thickening agent used in Chinese cooking. Cornstarch is added to a marinade to give the ingredients a smooth texture and allows the seasonings to adhere to the ingredients. When used for thickening, cornstarch is first dissolved in cold liquid and then added to hot food during the last stages of cooking. It must be cooked and stirred until the sauce thickens or forms a glaze.(kosher without supervision )

Dried Hot Chilli Peppers
Many varieties of dried hot chilli peppers can be found in Asian groceries and supermarkets, and their size and degree of spiciness differ. You may have to experiment with the kind and amount to find what suits your taste. They are used mainly in Sichuan dishes. I prefer the larger ones because they can be easily picked out of a prepared dish and not eaten.(kosher without supervision )

Dried Tangerine Peel
These sun dried peels are used to flavour master sauces. To dry your own, place tangerine peels on a flat baking pan in a slow oven (200?F.) until dry.(kosher without supervision only if it is only the peel without spices)

Duck Sauce
A sweet and pungent sauce made from assorted fruits, vinegar and sugar, duck sauce is served as a condiment with duck and meats. (kosher only with supervision )

Fermented Black Beans (Salted Black Beans)
These imported small black beans have been fermented and preserved in salt. I could not find any brand of fermented black beans with rabbinical approval, however I see no problem in them. They are an important spice in Chinese cooking and are a pure vegetable product sold packaged in Asian groceries. These beans are soft and chewy with a pungent aroma, and they add a delightful flavour to dishes cooked with minced garlic and fresh ginger and are especially good with stir fried beef or steamed fish. They can be stored indefinitely in the refrigerator in an airtight container.(Kosher without supervision but if there is one with supervision buy that one)

Five Spice Powder
This is a blend of ground star anise, cloves, cinnamon, fennel seeds and Sichuan peppercorns. Like curry powder, the combination of spices can vary according to the manufacturer, however star anise is usually the flavour that stands out. Store in an airtight container. It is easy to make your own.) (Kosher without supervision but if there is one with supervision buy that one)

Ginger
Ginger is a plant that grows a chain of rhizomes, or underground stems. Used extensively in Asian cooking for its sharp, peppery, spicy flavour, fresh ginger "root" is especially good with fish. Choose an unblemished, firm piece with a smooth, shiny skin. The colour of the skin can vary from light tan to beige, while the colour of the interior varies from pale yellow to a yellowish green and its texture can be smooth and firm or woody. Usually, the lighter the skin colour, the younger the ginger piece; a woody texture indicates a very mature piece. Fresh ginger is peeled before using. The younger, less pungent ginger is best used in stir fried or steamed dishes while the harsher peppery mature ginger is good for braised dishes. It keeps best in the refrigerator vegetable compartment wrapped in a paper towel placed inside a plastic bag. Cut away any dried or mouldy parts to expose the fresh interior. Ground dried ginger cannot be substituted.(kosher without supervision only if it is in the fresh or pure form)

Hoisin Sauce
A thick, smooth, dark reddish brown bean sauce made with sugar, garlic and other spices, this has a spicy sweet taste that complements meat dishes and dumplings. Best known as the sauce served with Peking Duck, it is available in cans or jars, or you can make your own. It also makes a terrific barbecue sauce for chicken or beef. (kosher only with supervision )

Hot Bean Sauce
This sauce is a combination of hot chilli sauce and brown bean sauce. It is used in spicy Sichuan and Hunan dishes. (Kosher without supervision but if there is one with supervision buy that one)

Hot Chilli Oil
This is vegetable oil in which dried hot chilli peppers and other spices have been fried. When the oil becomes very spicy, the spices are removed and the oil transferred to an airtight jar. The hot oil is serves a condiment at the table or stirred into a dish during the final stages of cooking. (kosher only with supervision )

Hot Chilli Sauce
This fiery sauce is made from crushed dried hot chillies, sweet red peppers and soy sauce. If you like Sichuan or Hunan food, this sauce is essential. It is available in jars or you can make your own. (kosher only with supervision )

Hot Mustard Powder
Hot mustard powder is ground mustard seeds. It makes a very spicy condiment when combined with equal amounts of water and stirred until smooth. Serve it with egg rolls or dumplings or add it to salad dressing. (kosher without supervision )

Kosher Salt
A course grain salt used for koshering meat and cooking. I prefer to use kosher salt when cooking because less salt is needed to make a dish tasty. If you are using a fine grain salt, use less than the recipe indicates and, of course, whichever salt you use, do so to suit your own taste. (kosher without supervision )

Madras Curry Powder
This curry powder is kosher and readily available from Durkee and Sharwoods(English).Plain Madras Curry Powder can be bought without rabbinical supervision as it is mixture of pure spices. (kosher without supervision from India and Thailand. The ones made in America are not reliable for Kosher unless it has Rabbinical supervision.)

Master Sauce
This spicy concentrated sauce or marinade is known as Lu in Chinese. There are two types of master sauce: one is made with spices, rice wine, sugar and soy sauce and is called Brown Master Sauce ; the other is made with the same ingredients except for the soy sauce, for which salt is substituted, and is called White Master Sauce. Different kinds of meats or fowl can be cooked simply by immersing in either a Brown or White Master Sauce and simmering until done. Food prepared this way is always 2 cooked whole or in large chunks and is served cut up and at room temperature. This method of cooking is perfect for meals that must be cooked in advance, such as for Shabbat. Food cooked in a Brown Master Sauce is lighter in flavour than that which is red cooked (stewed in soy sauce). (kosher only with supervision )

Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)
A chemical food enhancer in the form of white granules that look like coarse salt. The Asians have used it for centuries to deepen and bring out the natural flavours of foods. Used in a very small amount, it can add a sparkle to the taste of a dish. However, if used in, large amounts, MSG can cause severe allergic reactions when ingested. If top quality, fresh ingredients are used, MSG is not necessary, so I do not include it in any of the recipes in this site.(kosher without supervision)

Oil
Corn, safflower, soy or peanut oil are all excellent for Asian cooking, since these oils do not have a strong flavour. Olive oil is too strong and is never used. Peanut oil is often used in Asian recipes, but I prefer the lighter flavour of corn oil and have used it to test the recipes in this book. In China, soybean oil is more widely used because it is most available. Used oil can be saved, but strain it through several layers of cheesecloth and store it in the refrigerator. Discard frying oils that have darkened in colour, that flow more slowly than they did originally, or that foam to the top of the pot when you put the food in. Store unused oils in a cool place.(kosher only with supervision )

Rice Wine
Because rice wine is a grain product, it can be used in the kosher kitchen. The best substitute is dry, kosher white wine.(kosher without supervision )

Rock Sugar
Rock sugar is crystallised raw sugar. Its flavour is more mellow and not as sweet as refined sugar. It is used in braised dishes and in the master sauce. It is available in Asian groceries.dry, kosher white wine.(kosher without supervision )

Scallions
A scallion is a young onion with long green stems and a small white bulb at the root end. Because of its crisp, sharp fresh taste and its bright green and white colour, it is used extensively in Chinese cooking. The recipes in this book use both the green stem and white bulb unless specified.(kosher without supervision only if it is in the fresh or pure form)

Sesame Oil
Oriental sesame oil made from roasted sesame seeds has a dark orange hue and a strong, nutty, slightly smoky flavour. Use it sparingly as a flavouring, but never use it for cooking, since it burns easily. Store in a cool place or in the refrigerator.(kosher only with supervision )

Sesame Paste
Roasted sesame seeds are ground into a paste. Peanut butter can be used as a substitute. Do not use tahini, which is made from unroasted sesame seeds, because the taste is different.(kosher only with supervision)

Sichuan Peppercorns
These dried, reddish, aromatic berries are slightly peppery and give a numbing sensation to the tongue. They have a strong, distinct aroma when roasted and are used whole or crushed into a powder .(kosher without supervision only if it is in the fresh or pure form)

Soy Sauce
Brewed from fermented soybeans, wheat, salt, sugar and yeast, soy sauce is the most important flavouring in Chinese cuisine. It is salty and tangy in flavour and is dark brown almost black in colour. There are two main kinds of imported soy sauces available light (thin) or dark (black). Both kinds are used for cooking; however, the light soy sauce is saltier than the black and is preferred for dipping. Imported soy sauces are better than approved domestic brands because the flavour is deeper, richer and more consistent. Some of the kosher brands are not even made from soybeans. La Choy and Kikkoman the best brands.(kosher without supervision only if it is pure soya sauce without any added flavouring)

Star Anise
Its name is derived from the eight seed pods that come together m the shape of a star. Its liquorice flavour is not unlike aniseed, and it is used to flavour braised dishes and the master sauce. Remove the star anise from the dish before serving, since it is not to be eaten. Store in an air tight jar.(kosher without supervision only if it is in the fresh or pure form)

White Pepper
Asians prefer ground white pepper because of its penetrating, potent flavour.(kosher without supervision only if it is in the fresh or pure form)

返回

Vegetables and Vegetable Products

Green leafy Vegetables such as bok choy and Chinese mustard greens used in cooking are from the cabbage family. Stir fried or cooked in soups for a short time so that they retain their bright colour, crispness and vitamins. Chinese cabbages are a good source of calcium.

Bamboo Shoots
Bamboo shoots are cream coloured and shaped like small pine cones. There are several kinds of bamboo shoots. I recommend the winter variety for its firm texture and flavour. They are cut into large pieces and canned in water. (kosher without supervision but it has to be canned without any preservatives or fresh)

Bean Curd
It is a pure Vegetable Product made from ground dried soya beans and water, to which a coagulant, gypsum powder is added to curdle the mixture. Bean curd, which the Chinese have eaten for centuries is a high quality, complete vegetable protein. It is totally free of cholesterol. It is available in supermarkets and Asian groceries. It texture can be soft and custard-like, medium firm, very firm or even grainy, depending on how is processed and how much water is retained. Many supermarket have them with rabbinical approval. Bean curd tends to spoil quickly, especially if it is not refrigerated; when it does, a strong sour odour and taste are apparent. To store loose bean curd, place it in a container, cover with cold water, top with an airtight lid and refrigerate. If you are keeping the bean curd more than a day or two, change the water daily. (kosher without supervision but it has to be bought in a commercially sealed packet and not the fresh store ones.)

Bean Sprouts
Bean sprouts are the tender shoots of the mung bean. They are long, pearly white sprouts with tiny yellow bean heads. When fresh they are crunchy and have a sweet taste. Prepare them promptly within a day or two because they lose flavour quickly. (kosher without supervision when bought fresh)

Bok Choy
Bok choy has a bright green leaf and a chalky white stalk with small yellow flowers. Some have short, thick stalks while others have long, narrow stalks, but they all have more or less the same shape. They are available throughout the year in Asian groceries and supermarkets. (kosher without supervision but it has to be bought fresh and checked for bugs.)

Chinese Cabbage (Napa Cabbage or Celery Cabbage) This pale green cabbage is available all year. There are two kinds: one long and narrow, and the other shorter and rounder. The Chinese prefer the shorter, rounder cabbage because it is sweeter and more tender, but the long, narrow one is more common in supermarkets. (kosher without supervision but it has to be bought fresh and checked for bugs.)

Chinese Mustard Greens
Sold only in Asian groceries, these greens have thick smooth stems with crisp swirling leaves and a strong, pungent, slightly bitter mustard flavour. They are delicious in soups or stir fried with meat.(kosher without supervision but it has to be bought fresh and checked for bugs.)

Daikon (Chinese Radish)
A large, long, tapered, sweet and juicy radish that can be eaten raw or cooked and is available in most markets.(kosher without supervision but it has to be bought fresh and checked for bugs.)

Fresh Hot Chilli Peppers
I used fresh Anaheim hot green peppers . They are long and narrow, about the size of a small parsnip, and slightly twisted; they can be mild or very hot. If it is not indicated, you can ask the grocer about their spiciness or you might taste one yourself.(kosher without supervision but it has to be bought fresh .)

Oriental Eggplant (Banana Eggplant)
Long and narrow, these eggplants are sweeter and have fewer seeds than the common thicker variety.(kosher without supervision but it has to be bought fresh )

Seasoned Pressed Bean Curd
Fresh bean curd is pressed to remove much of the water, then simmered in soy sauce and spices. (kosher only with supervision or home-made.)

Snow Peas
Unlike peas that are shelled, these peas have thin, edible pods. They are delicious blanched or stir fried. Although thought to be Chinese in origin, there is some evidence that snow peas were first cultivated in Europe. The Cantonese name for them is ho man dow, or "Holland bean."(kosher without supervision .)

Taro Root
A starchy tuber, taro is often deep fried or cooked with duck because it absorbs the fat and flavour without becoming greasy. Shredded, it can be deep fried into the shape of a basket. It is dark brown, nappy, and barrel shaped with a faint chestnut-like flavour. Peel before using.(kosher without supervision .)

Water Chestnuts
Water chestnuts, available mostly in Asian markets, are not part of the chestnut family. They look like muddy little tulip bulbs, with black skin and crisp white sweet flesh, and taste almost like a crisp apple. They must be peeled before using. The canned are flavourless by comparison, so it is worth the expense and effort to use the fresh whenever possible. If you can't find the fresh, use the canned or substitute jicama, a tuber that also has a crisp white flesh and can be found in Asian and Latin markets and some supermarkets. Fresh water chestnuts bruise and spoil easily, so choose the very hard ones with no soft spots. Free of any blemishes, fresh water chestnuts will keep for weeks in the refrigerator vegetable compartment. Peeled, they can be frozen raw for a month or so.(kosher without supervision but is has to be canned without any preservatives.)

Winter Melon
A member of the squash family, this large melon has a hard outer light green skin that is coated with a chalky white powder. It is usually cooked in soup. The flesh becomes transparent and soft when cooked and has a subtle taste that is enriched with the flavour of chicken broth. It is found in Asian markets and sold by the pound in wedges. Store loosely wrapped in the refrigerator to prevent spoiling.(kosher without supervision .)

返回

Dried Products

Most Chinese packaged dried products, such as plants or noodles, have been sun dried.

Agar agar
This gelatinous substance is derived from seaweed. It is a pure plant product and comes as a powder, in long rectangular blocks, or in thin sticks. Some of the powdered brands have rabbinical approval. The thin strips are soaked in cold water to soften and are used in salads. Agar agar dissolves in hot or boiling water and is used to make gelatin. Stored in a dry place, it will keep for months.(kosher without supervision .)

Black Mushrooms
Dried black mushrooms come in varying price depending on the quality. They have a distinctive, slightly earthy flavour and a chewy texture. The more expensive ones are thicker and have a richer, more intense flavour. You can store dried mushrooms indefinitely in a clean, dry, covered jar. Soak them in warm water until soft (about 30 minutes) before using. The thicker mushrooms require longer soaking than do the thin ones, so soak them the night before and refrigerate.(kosher without supervision .)

Cellophane Noodles (Bean Threads)
These dried thin noodles are made from mung bean flour. They become transparent when braised, hence the name cellophane. They become very crisp when deep fried.(kosher without supervision but is has to be made of plain ingredients like water salt, bisulphate's, rice or wheat .)

Glutinous Rice (Sweet Rice)
This round, short grain rice becomes sticky and somewhat gummy when cooked. It is used mostly for stuffing or fried rice. You can find it in Asian markets.(kosher without supervision .)

Rice
Chinese prefer long grain rice cooked plain either boiled or steamed and it is served with every meal. It is the staple of the southern Chinese diet, while in the north, because of the cold climate and shorter growing season, wheat is used more than rice. Fried Rice is made with leftover rice.(kosher without supervision .)

Rice Noodles
Thin, dried rice noodles are made from rice flour and can be found in Asian groceries. These noodles come in two thickness: one is the size of cellophane noodles and the other even thinner. You need only to soak them in water before stir frying with other foods. The noodles are sold in one pound packages separated into four bundles.(kosher without supervision but is has to be made of plain ingredients like water salt, bisulphate's, rice or wheat .)

Tiger Lily Buds
(Golden Needles) These dried, pale golden lily buds are delicate in flavour, used mostly for texture, and are often combined with tree ears. They must be soaked in boiling water before being added to a dish. They are good in steamed or stir fried dishes and in soups.(kosher without supervision .)

Tree Ears
They are also called black fungus, wood ears or cloud ears, depending on their size. When soaked in warm water, they triple in bulk. Tree ears should be washed thoroughly after soaking and any foreign matter removed. Like tiger lily buds, they are used mostly for texture.(kosher without supervision.)

返回

Fresh Noodles and Wrappers

Egg Noodles Fresh or dried noodles are made from wheat flour, eggs and water. If fresh, they are kept in the refrigerated section of Chinese grocery stores or the produce section of supermarkets. They can be refrigerated for two days or frozen up to three weeks.(kosher without supervision but is has to be made of plain ingredients like water salt, bisulphate's, rice or wheat .)

Egg Roll Wrappers
These are large square sheets of fresh egg noodle dough, found in the refrigerated section of Chinese grocery stores. They can be refrigerated for two days or frozen for three weeks. (kosher without supervision but is has to be made of plain ingredients like water salt, bisulphate's, rice or wheat .)

Rice Noodle Sheets
Fresh or dried rice noodles are made from ground rice and water spread on a flat surface and steamed into sheets. Rice noodle sheets are found in Chinese grocery stores; they must be kept refrigerated. (kosher without supervision but is has to be made of plain ingredients like water salt, bisulphate's, rice or wheat .)

Spring Roll Wrappers
Fresh spring roll wrappers are thin wheat crepes found in the refrigerated section of Chinese grocery stores. They are much thinner than egg roll wrappers and can be refrigerated (for two days) or frozen (for three weeks). (kosher without supervision but is has to be made of plain ingredients like water salt, bisulphate's, rice or wheat .)

Wonton Wrappers
These are small squares of fresh egg noodle dough found in the refrigerated section of Chinese grocery stores or in supermarkets. They must be refrigerated or frozen. (kosher without supervision but is has to be made of plain ingredients like water salt, bisulphate's, rice or wheat .)

返回